World of Jamaican Music

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An illustrated map of the creators of Jamaican music and how they are connected.

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Peter Tosh

Artist. Ska, rocksteady, reggae

Active
1962-1987
Sunrise
October 19, 1944, Grange Hill, Westmoreland, Jamaica
Sunset
September 11, 1987, Kingston (life taken in a home invasion)
Also recorded as
Peter Touch
Also known as
Stepping Razor, The Bush Doctor, Red X

Winston Hubert McIntosh was a singer, guitarist, and songwriter, one of the three Wailers, and after 1974 the most confrontational solo voice in reggae. He recorded as Peter Tosh, and some early sides cut from rehearsal tapes were issued in Britain as by Peter Touch. From the late ska days of "Rasta Shook Them Up" and "I'm the Toughest," the Rough Guide says, he carved out an identity distinct from the group's, the angry rebel increasingly conscious of black history, and he gave the early Wailers much of their bite; his own Intel Diplo singles of the 1970s, "Mark of the Beast" and "Legalize It" among them, were committed, militant and focused. The anger was carried by a warm voice. Reviewing the reissued Legalize It and Equal Rights, Matthew Fiander heard a honeyed, defiant singer whose songs could be as playful as they were combative, and whose compositions were catchy and subtly intricate.

He was born at Grange Hill, in Westmoreland, to Alvera Coke and James McIntosh, a local preacher, and was named Winston after Churchill. Both parents left him with an aunt, and he was moved among relatives. He was schooled at Bluefields, and on his aunt's sunset he went to Kingston to live with another aunt and began an apprenticeship as a welder. He taught himself guitar by watching a countryman play one song for half a day, memorizing what the man's fingers did, then playing it back to him.

In the early 1960s he went to Joe Higgs, who gave free singing lessons in a Trench Town yard, and it was through Higgs that he met Bob Marley and Bunny Livingston. Higgs taught the three of them to harmonize and put them on street corners to practice. The relationship was long and eventually bitter: Higgs wrote "Steppin' Razor" in 1967 and Tosh recorded it without crediting him, and Higgs won a judgment years later that brought him no money.

By 1964 Tosh, Marley, and Livingston had formed the Wailing Wailers with Junior Braithwaite, Beverley Kelso, and Cherry Smith. Tosh was the only one of them who could play an instrument, and by Bunny Wailer's account it was he who taught the others. "Simmer Down" was a ska hit that year. Braithwaite, Kelso, and Smith left in late 1965; Marley spent much of 1966 in Delaware and returned in early 1967 to find Tosh and Bunny already Rastafarians. Tosh also cut solo sides at Studio One, among them "I Am the Toughest."

In the mid-1960s the three were signed to Danny Sims and Johnny Nash's JAD Records and to Sims's publishing company, Cayman Music, an arrangement that shaped the ownership of the Wailers catalog for decades. The group wrote for Nash, then worked with Lee Perry on "Soul Rebel," "Duppy Conqueror," and "Small Axe," which brought Aston and Carlton Barrett across from the Hippy Boys. Leslie Kong produced The Best of the Wailers in 1971. In 1972 Sims assigned the remainder of the JAD contract to Chris Blackwell, and Island issued Catch a Fire and Burnin' in 1973.

The Wailers' first American tour came in July 1973: five nights at Paul's Mall in Boston, then a six-night run at Max's Kansas City in New York opening for Bruce Springsteen. Bunny Wailer had refused to travel and Joe Higgs took his place, touring with Marley, Tosh, Earl "Wya" Lindo, and the Barrett brothers. Lee Jaffe, then working for Island, arranged the group's passage into the United States. Later that year Tosh was driving home with his girlfriend Evonne when a car on the wrong side of the road hit them; she lost her life and his skull was badly fractured.

Tosh and Bunny Wailer left the group in 1974 after Blackwell declined to issue Tosh's solo album. Tosh's objection was to the treatment both of them received and to the starring role given to the lighter-skinned Marley, and he took to calling the label head Whiteworst.

Legalize It was recorded in 1975 and 1976 at Treasure Isle and released in June 1976 by Columbia, and in Jamaica on Tosh's own Intel-Diplo imprint. By Roger Steffens's account, Tosh raised the money for it from a marijuana dealer in Miami. The title track was banned from Jamaican radio and became the record he was known by. Equal Rights followed in 1977, carrying "Get Up, Stand Up," co-written with Marley, and a cut of "Stepping Razor" that also appears on the soundtrack of Rockers. Carlton Barrett played drums on it.

Word, Sound and Power, assembled in 1976, was his band for the rest of his life. The core was Sly Dunbar and Robbie Shakespeare, Mikey Chung, Robbie Lyn, Keith Sterling, and Uziah "Sticky" Thompson, with the Tamlins (Derrick Lara, Junior Moore, and Carlton Smith) singing harmony; Steve Golding, Darryl Thompson, Al Anderson, and Donald Kinsey passed through the lead guitar chair. When Sly and Robbie left to tour with Black Uhuru, Carlton "Santa" Davis and George "Fully" Fullwood took the drum and bass seats.

At the One Love Peace Concert on April 22, 1978, Tosh lit a spliff on stage and lectured Michael Manley and Edward Seaga, seated in front of him, on their failure to legalize cannabis. According to the Gleaner he became a standing police target afterward. That September he was arrested at Half Way Tree square and beaten in custody, leaving him with a broken hand and head injuries that needed stitches.

Rolling Stones Records signed him in 1978, and Bush Doctor appeared that December with Mick Jagger and Keith Richards on it; the lead single was a cover of the Temptations' "(You Gotta Walk) Don't Look Back," sung as a duet with Jagger, which the two of them performed on Saturday Night Live. Mystic Man (1979) and Wanted Dread and Alive (1981) followed on the same label. In September 1979 he played the No Nukes concerts at Madison Square Garden in a thawb and keffiyeh, smoking on stage; the performance was cut from both the film and the live album, and Palestinian dress stayed part of his stage clothing.

Mama Africa (1983) carried "Johnny B. Goode" and "Glass House." Tosh then went into a self-imposed exile, consulting traditional healers in Africa and trying to break the agreements under which his records were distributed in South Africa; he had been at odds with EMI for years over the promotion of his music. Apartheid is the subject of "Equal Rights" and "Apartheid" (1977, re-recorded 1987), "Fight On" (1979), and "Not Gonna Give It Up" (1983), and South Africa gave him the Order of the Companions of O. R. Tambo in 2023. On the 1983 tour the Los Angeles musician Bruno Coon gave him a guitar built in the shape of an M16, which he played on stage; it was lost by an airline in Europe and recovered after his publicist placed a piece about it in Der Spiegel. He also rode a unicycle, forwards and backwards, and sometimes came on stage on it.

No Nuclear War (1987) was his last record and won the Grammy for best reggae performance at the ceremony the following spring, after his sunset.

On the night of September 11, 1987, three men came to his Kingston house on motorcycles and demanded money. Among them was Dennis "Leppo" Lobban, whom Tosh had befriended and tried to find work for after a long prison sentence. They held the house for several hours, taking hostage everyone who arrived, and when Tosh maintained that he had no money they opened fire, and his life was taken by two shots to the head. The herbalist Wilton "Doc" Brown and the broadcaster Jeff "Free I" Dixon also lost their lives; Tosh's partner Marlene Brown, Dixon's wife Yvonne, the drummer Carlton "Santa" Davis, and the musician Michael Robinson were wounded and survived. Lobban was convicted in 1988 and sentenced to hang, commuted in 1995; the other two gunmen were never identified.

Tosh was given the Order of Merit, Jamaica's fourth-highest honor, posthumously in October 2012. The Peter Tosh Museum opened on what would have been his seventy-second birthday, October 19, 2016, on Peter Tosh Square at Trafalgar Road in Kingston, with the M16 guitar among the exhibits and a benefit concert three days later featuring Chronixx, Luciano, and Andrew Tosh, at which Word, Sound and Power reunited. Of his ten children, Andrew Tosh records; Niambe McIntosh has administered the estate since 2009; Jawara "Tosh 1" McIntosh departed in 2020. Nicholas Campbell's documentary Stepping Razor: Red X (1993) was built around a set of spoken-word tapes Tosh recorded himself.

One further trace: the 2 Tone label's Walt Jabsco logo, drawn in 1979, was copied from a 1964 photograph of Tosh in a suit and sunglasses with the Wailers, which is how his image came to stand for the British ska revival and, by a later hand, for an emoji.

Last updated October 31, 2026

Connections

Notes

  1. Roger Steffens has described Marley as reggae's Martin Luther King and Tosh as its Malcolm X, and says that "in places like Africa, Peter is an even more respected star than Bob because of his militancy": Baz Dreisinger, "Peter Tosh: Reclaiming a Wailer," NPR, July 9, 2011, https://www.wamc.org/2011-07-09/peter-tosh-reclaiming-a-wailer.
  2. Steve Barrow and Peter Dalton, The Rough Guide to Reggae, 3rd ed. (London: Rough Guides, 2004), 140, which says his early solo records on Joe Gibbs's labels were "credited to Peter Tosh/Peter Touch." The account of rehearsal tapes issued in Britain appears, unsourced, in "Peter Tosh," Wikipedia, accessed October 4, 2026, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Tosh.
  3. Barrow and Dalton, Rough Guide to Reggae, 140.
  4. Matthew Fiander, "Peter Tosh: Legalize It (Legacy Edition) / Equal Rights (Legacy Edition)," PopMatters, June 23, 2011, https://www.popmatters.com/review/143907-peter-tosh-legalize-it-legacy-edition-equal-rights-legacy-edition/.
  5. The parents are named as James and Alvera (Coke) McIntosh in "Peter Tosh," Contemporary Black Biography, Encyclopedia.com, accessed October 4, 2026, https://www.encyclopedia.com/people/literature-and-arts/music-popular-and-jazz-biographies/peter-tosh; his former manager Copeland Forbes gives his mother as "Miss Alvira Cooke" in Copeland Forbes, "Guitar Lost, Guitar Found, Guitar Almost Gone," Jamaica Gleaner, November 26, 2006, http://old.jamaica-gleaner.com/gleaner/20061126/ent/ent6.html. The Churchill naming is given in Otis Alexander, "Peter Tosh (1944-1987)," BlackPast, February 7, 2022, https://www.blackpast.org/global-african-history/people-global-african-history/peter-tosh-1944-1987. No source was found for the father as a preacher.
  6. Roy Black, "The Music Diaries: Recent Tributes Not Reflective of Man Tosh Was," Jamaica Gleaner, October 30, 2016, https://jamaica-gleaner.com/article/entertainment/20161030/music-diaries-recent-tributes-not-reflective-man-tosh-was. On his being left with relatives, "Peter Tosh," Wikipedia.
  7. This story appears in "Peter Tosh," Wikipedia, which cites a now-defunct fan site.
  8. Barrow and Dalton, Rough Guide to Reggae, 38, which places the group's first gatherings at Higgs's Third Street yard in 1961, when they called themselves the Teenagers.
  9. Bradley calls the song "Joe Higgs-penned." Lloyd Bradley, This Is Reggae Music: The Story of Jamaica's Music (New York: Grove Press, 2001), 265. Higgs wrote it in 1967, according to Yasmine Peru, "Pioneer Joe Higgs the 'Steppin' Razor,'" Jamaica Gleaner, May 21, 2023, https://jamaica-gleaner.com/article/entertainment/20230521/pioneer-joe-higgs-steppin-razor. That article gives a different ending: Olivia Grange recalled that after a three-year effort Tosh signed a statement that he was not the writer and "we were able to get the funds for Joe." Wikipedia says Higgs won a court case but never received any profits. "Peter Tosh," Wikipedia.
  10. Barrow and Dalton, Rough Guide to Reggae, 38, which names the backing singers as Beverley Kelso and Cherry Green. She is called Cherry Smith in "Peter Tosh," Wikipedia.
  11. Tosh: "It was only me who could play a guitar, me and Joe Higgs." Quoted in "Peter Tosh," Contemporary Black Biography. Danny Sims recalled that "Peter was the really good musician." Bradley, This Is Reggae Music, 405. Bunny Wailer's account is reported in "Peter Tosh," Wikipedia. John Masouri calls him "an accomplished musician" whose session work "was partly borne out of necessity, since he was struggling to support himself": Glen Lockley, "Exclusive! Interview with Peter Tosh Biographer John Masouri," Legendary Reggae, September 20, 2013, https://legendaryreggae.com/2013/09/20/exclusive-interview-with-peter-tosh-biographer-john-masouri/.
  12. On Marley's time "in a Delaware car factory" while Tosh and Bunny recorded at Studio One, Barrow and Dalton, Rough Guide to Reggae, 58. On the rest, "Peter Tosh," Wikipedia.
  13. Barrow and Dalton, Rough Guide to Reggae, 58, 140. Roy Black dates it to 1965. Black, "Recent Tributes Not Reflective of Man Tosh Was."
  14. On the first meeting with Sims and Nash, Bradley, This Is Reggae Music, 405. On the contracts, "Peter Tosh," Wikipedia.
  15. On the Perry sessions, which ran "less than a year between August 1970 and April 1971," Barrow and Dalton, Rough Guide to Reggae, 138; on the Barrett brothers as the former Hippie Boys/Upsetters rhythm section, Barrow and Dalton, Rough Guide to Reggae, 137.
  16. The Rough Guide has the group signing to Island in 1972 and dates the British release of "Catch a Fire" to December 1972. Barrow and Dalton, Rough Guide to Reggae, 136-37. On the assignment of the JAD contract, "Peter Tosh," Wikipedia.
  17. "Wailers 'Eclipse' Springsteen at Max's Kansas City, NYC 1973," Legendary Reggae, March 26, 2012, https://legendaryreggae.com/2012/03/26/wailers-eclipse-springsteen-at-maxs-kansas-city-nyc-1973/, which counts fourteen shows at Max's from July 18 to 23, 1973.
  18. The Rough Guide says Bunny quit at the end of spring 1973 and that Joe Higgs took his place for the later American tour with Sly and the Family Stone, which ended after four dates. Barrow and Dalton, Rough Guide to Reggae, 137-38. The Gleaner says Higgs "performed with The Wailers on their US tour when Bunny Wailer refused to go in 1973." Yasmine Peru, "Pioneer Joe Higgs the 'Steppin' Razor,'" Jamaica Gleaner, May 21, 2023, https://jamaica-gleaner.com/article/entertainment/20230521/pioneer-joe-higgs-steppin-razor.
  19. "Wailers 'Eclipse' Springsteen," Legendary Reggae, which says Jaffe smuggled the band into the United States "through Toronto."
  20. The Rough Guide places the crash on Spanish Town Road in 1973 and says it "left his girlfriend dead." Barrow and Dalton, Rough Guide to Reggae, 140. Her name and his injury are reported in "Peter Tosh," Wikipedia.
  21. The Rough Guide says the trio's last work together was done by the end of 1973 and that "Peter and Bunny left, both feeling that too much attention was given to Bob." Barrow and Dalton, Rough Guide to Reggae, 138. On Blackwell and the solo album, "Peter Tosh," Wikipedia.
  22. Bradley, This Is Reggae Music, 82 ("Chris Whiteworst"). Tosh "is said to have griped about the starring role given to the lighter-skinned Marley" by Blackwell: Dreisinger, "Reclaiming a Wailer." John Masouri says that Tosh and Bunny Wailer blamed Marley for agreeing to call his backing band the Wailers: "To them, Bob betrayed them": Ian Burrell, "Move Over Bob Marley: Peter Tosh Is Finally Getting the Recognition He Deserves," Independent, November 2, 2013, https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/music/features/move-over-bob-marley-peter-tosh-is-finally-getting-the-recognition-he-deserves-8914028.html.
  23. The American Columbia LP credits recording at Treasure Isle and Randy's. "Peter Tosh - Legalize It," Discogs, accessed October 4, 2026, https://www.discogs.com/release/38442042; for the Intel Diplo issue, "Peter Tosh - Legalize It," Discogs, accessed October 4, 2026, https://www.discogs.com/release/7367471. Intel Diplo was his own label from late 1971; in Britain the album came out on Virgin. Barrow and Dalton, Rough Guide to Reggae, 139, 143; Bradley, This Is Reggae Music, 454. The June 1976 date is from "Peter Tosh," Wikipedia.
  24. Steffens: "He approached a pot dealer in Miami to invest in the album, and the dealer agreed." Dreisinger, "Reclaiming a Wailer."
  25. The Rough Guide calls it "the tune most associated with his name" and an anthem of the 1975 Notting Hill Carnival. Barrow and Dalton, Rough Guide to Reggae, 140. Bradley ties it to the Operation Buccaneer campaign against ganja. Bradley, This Is Reggae Music, 471. Dreisinger writes that "Legalize It was banned on Jamaican radio, so Tosh printed the lyrics in an ad he took out in a Jamaican newspaper": Dreisinger, "Reclaiming a Wailer." In Britain the Independent Broadcasting Authority told the independent stations that the record "cannot be played," as the Gleaner reported under the headline "Ban Tosh, Radio Told": Tom Phelan, "'Ban Tosh, Radio Told': How Peter Tosh Caused a Huge Stir in 1976," Far Out, May 6, 2026, https://faroutmagazine.co.uk/how-peter-tosh-caused-huge-stir-in-1976/.
  26. The Jamaican Intel Diplo/Columbia pressing credits Carlton Barrett and Sly Dunbar on drums and lists "Stepping Razor" with the rest of the album as written by Tosh, with Marley co-credited on "Get Up, Stand Up." "Peter Tosh - Equal Rights," Discogs, accessed October 4, 2026, https://www.discogs.com/release/1607288. On "Rockers," "Peter Tosh," Wikipedia.
  27. The "Bush Doctor" sleeve credits Word, Sound and Power with Sly Dunbar, Robbie Shakespeare, Mikey Chung, Robbie Lyn, Keith Sterling, Uziah "Sticky" Thompson and Donald Kinsey. "Peter Tosh - Bush Doctor," Discogs, accessed October 4, 2026, https://www.discogs.com/release/37087071. The One Love Peace Concert band included Al Anderson on lead guitar. Barrow and Dalton, Rough Guide to Reggae, 143. "No Nuclear War" credits Carlton "Santa" Davis, George Fullwood and Steve Golding. "Peter Tosh - No Nuclear War," Discogs, accessed October 4, 2026, https://www.discogs.com/release/894136. On the Tamlins and the change of rhythm section, "Word, Sound and Power," Wikipedia, accessed October 4, 2026, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Word,_Sound_and_Power.
  28. Bradley, This Is Reggae Music, 472-73; Barrow and Dalton, Rough Guide to Reggae, 143.
  29. Black, "Recent Tributes Not Reflective of Man Tosh Was."
  30. Black places the arrest at Skateland in Half-Way Tree in September 1978 and gives the injuries as "a broken arm and injury to his head." Black, "Recent Tributes Not Reflective of Man Tosh Was." The Rough Guide says that "five months after the concert he was nearly beaten to death in a police cell." Barrow and Dalton, Rough Guide to Reggae, 143; see also Bradley, This Is Reggae Music, 473. Roger Steffens says he "was almost beaten to death on several occasions by Jamaican police because of his anti-establishment views": Dreisinger, "Reclaiming a Wailer."
  31. The Canadian pressing on Rolling Stones Records credits Jagger on "(You Got to Walk and) Don't Look Back" and Richards on guitar on "Bush Doctor" and "Stand Firm." "Peter Tosh - Bush Doctor," Discogs, accessed October 4, 2026, https://www.discogs.com/release/37087071. The broadcast was on December 16, 1978. "Saturday Night Live Season 4," Wikipedia, accessed October 5, 2026, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturday_Night_Live_season_4.
  32. Barrow and Dalton, Rough Guide to Reggae, 140, on "the higher-profile but patchier albums he made for the Rolling Stones label and EMI."
  33. Burrell, "Move Over Bob Marley", quoting John Masouri: "He walked on stage smoking his ganja spliff and wearing Palestinian dress... but he never appeared on the film or on the album."
  34. In a 1983 interview Tosh complained that EMI was not promoting "Mama Africa" and said he meant to play the tape to the head of the label. Doug Wendt, interview with Peter Tosh, August 17, 1983, Midnight Dread, accessed October 5, 2026, http://www.midnightdread.com/peter.html. The African exile is reported, unsourced, in "Peter Tosh," Wikipedia.
  35. Both songs are on "Equal Rights." "Peter Tosh - Equal Rights," Discogs, accessed October 4, 2026, https://www.discogs.com/release/1607288. The Rough Guide notes his arrest at an anti-apartheid demonstration in the late 1960s. Barrow and Dalton, Rough Guide to Reggae, 140. On the award, "South Africa Honours Peter Tosh for Anti-Apartheid Support," Jamaica Observer, April 30, 2023, https://www.jamaicaobserver.com/2023/04/30/south-africa-honours-peter-tosh-for-anti-apartheid-support/.
  36. Forbes, then his manager, tells the story in Copeland Forbes, "M-16 Guitar Came in Hot," Jamaica Gleaner, November 24, 2006, http://old.jamaica-gleaner.com/gleaner/20061124/ent/ent1.html, and Copeland Forbes, "Guitar Lost, Guitar Found, Guitar Almost Gone," Jamaica Gleaner, November 26, 2006, http://old.jamaica-gleaner.com/gleaner/20061126/ent/ent6.html. He does not name the fan and says he paid him for the guitar. The name Bruno Coon is given in "Peter Tosh," Wikipedia.
  37. Wendt recalls seeing Tosh "riding his unicycle out in front of that same hotel." Wendt, interview with Peter Tosh. On the stage entrances, "Peter Tosh," Wikipedia.
  38. "Peter Tosh," Grammy Awards and nominations, Recording Academy, accessed October 4, 2026, https://www.grammy.com/artists/peter-tosh/6832/, which lists the 1988 award in the category Best Reggae Recording; see also Black, "Recent Tributes Not Reflective of Man Tosh Was."
  39. "Man Guilty in Slaying of Reggae Star Peter Tosh," UPI, June 17, 1988, https://www.upi.com/Archives/1988/06/17/Man-guilty-in-slaying-of-reggae-star-Peter-Tosh/6320582523200/. Hibbert says a taxi driver took Lobban and two men to the house. Sybil E. Hibbert, "The Night Peter Tosh Was Killed," Jamaica Observer, April 21, 2012, https://www.jamaicaobserver.com/2012/04/21/the-night-peter-tosh-was-killed/. The motorcycles are reported in "Peter Tosh," Wikipedia. The Rough Guide locates the house on Plymouth Avenue, St. Andrew. Barrow and Dalton, Rough Guide to Reggae, 140.
  40. Hibbert writes that Tosh "fed, nurtured and even provided a new bed" for Lobban after his release. Hibbert, "The Night Peter Tosh Was Killed."
  41. UPI reports that the gunman shot "all seven people present in the head as they lay face down on the floor." "Man Guilty in Slaying." The several hours are reported in "Peter Tosh," Wikipedia.
  42. Barrow and Dalton, Rough Guide to Reggae, 140; Hibbert, "The Night Peter Tosh Was Killed."
  43. Lobban v. The Queen, Privy Council Appeal No. 23 of 1993, judgment of April 6, 1995, as reported at vLex, accessed October 4, 2026, https://vlex.co.uk/vid/lobban-v-the-queen-804952465, which records his conviction on three counts of murder on June 17, 1988. On the death sentence and the "two unknown gunmen," "Man Guilty in Slaying." The Rough Guide names the convicted man as "Dennis 'Leppo' Dixon." Barrow and Dalton, Rough Guide to Reggae, 140. On the commutation, "Peter Tosh," Wikipedia.
  44. "Tosh Gets OM," Jamaica Observer, August 7, 2012, https://www.jamaicaobserver.com/entertainment/Tosh-gets-OM. The Observer calls the Order of Merit Jamaica's "third highest honour."
  45. Shereita Grizzle and Darien Robertson, "Peter Tosh Museum Opens to VIP Crowd," Jamaica Gleaner, October 21, 2016, https://jamaica-gleaner.com/article/entertainment/20161021/peter-tosh-museum-opens-vip-crowd; on the October 22 concert, Black, "Recent Tributes Not Reflective of Man Tosh Was." and "Peter Tosh Museum Benefit Concert 2016," Reggaeville, accessed October 5, 2026, https://www.reggaeville.com/dates/festival-details/peter-tosh-museum-benefit-concert-2016/overview/. The guitar, Chronixx and the band reunion are reported in "Peter Tosh," Wikipedia.
  46. Niambe McIntosh, "The Timeless Message of Peter Tosh: A Daughter Reflects," Jamaica Observer, October 16, 2021, https://www.jamaicaobserver.com/2021/10/16/the-timeless-message-of-peter-tosh-a-daughter-reflects/, where she describes herself as the youngest of his ten children and says she became administrator of the estate in 2009.
  47. The film is described in "Peter Tosh," Wikipedia.
  48. Joe Veix, "The Secret Ska History of That Weird Levitating Businessman Emoji," Newsweek, March 30, 2016, https://www.newsweek.com/2016/05/06/secret-ska-history-man-business-suit-levitating-emoji-442192.html, which says Jerry Dammers based the figure on a photograph of Tosh from the Wailers' 1965 album "The Wailing Wailers."

World of Jamaican Music: the whole map